Thanks

28/01/2011 15:43 par tpe-1l-gay-in-america

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  Thanks

  28/01/2011 15:43 par tpe-1l-gay-in-america

This blog was written by kathleen LAURENT and Maija MÄKELÄ.

Thanks for reading and watching it.

Thank you Mr. Moutel and Mr. Gorce for helping.

Thank you Maija for your hard work, even if you don't have your BAC in France with us.

*Kiitos Maija.

 

4. bibliography

28/01/2011 15:38 par tpe-1l-gay-in-america

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  4. bibliography

  28/01/2011 15:38 par tpe-1l-gay-in-america

Sites Web:

American Psychological Association. American Psychological Association, 2011 [consulté le 3 décembre 2010]. Disponible sur : http://www.apa.org/helpcenter/sexual-orientation.aspx

Religious Tolerance. Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance, 2008 [consulté le 27 novembre 2010]. Disponible sur : http://www.religioustolerance.org/hom_agen60.htm

Infoplease [The American Gay Right Movement].Pearson Education, 2008 [consulté le 27 novembre 2010]. Disponible sur : http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0761909.html

Life in the USA [History of the gay rights movement in the USA]. Elliot Essman 2010 [consulté le 3 décembre 2010]. Disponible sur : http://www.lifeintheusa.com/people/gaypeople.htm

Edubook [Gay rights movement in America]. Sharon Roney, 2009 [consulté le 3 décembre 2010]. Disponible sur : http://www.edubook.com/gay-rights-movement-in-america/13845/

Freedom to marry. Freedom to marry 2011 [consulté le 7 décembre 2010]. Disponible sur : http://www.freedomtomarry.org/states/, http://www.freedomtomarry.org/pages/why-marriage-matters et http://freemarry.3cdn.net/e6df5165c2fd7943d3_yvm6idfqd.pdf

Christian Answers [What's wrong with beeing gay]. Ann Lamont, 2004 [consulté le 4 janvier 2010]. Disponible sur : http://www.christiananswers.net/q-aig/aig-c040.html

The Washington Post. Pamela K. Taylor 2009 [consulté le 14 janvier 2010]. Disponible sur : http://newsweek.washingtonpost.com/onfaith/panelists/pamela_k_taylor/2009/07/marriage_both_civil_and_religious.html

Sexual orientation [Lesbians and gay men in US military]. Gregory M. Herek, 2009 [consulté le 14 janvier 2010]. Disponible sur : http://psychology.ucdavis.edu/rainbow/html/military_history.html

Soulforce. Soulforce, 2011.[consulté le 30 Décembre 2010]. Disponible sur : http://www.soulforce.org/article/808 ,

The washington Post. The Washington Post Company, 2011[consulté le 31 Décembre 2010]. Disponible sur :http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2010/12/18/ST2010121803394.html?sid=ST2010121803394 .

Center for Military Readiness. Center for Military Readiness, 2011. [consulté le 31 Décembre 2010]. Disponible sur : http://www.cmrlink.org/HMilitary.asp?docID=336 .

The Huffington Post. The Huffington Post, 2011. [consulté le 14 janvier 2011]. Disponible sur : http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/10/10/obama-says-he-will-end-do_n_316524.html .

The Christian Science Monitor. The Christian Science Monitor, 2011. [consulté le 14 janvier 2011]. Disponible sur : http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Military/2010/1218/In-historic-vote-Senate-moves-to-end-don-t-ask-don-t-tell .

Religion Facts. Religion Facts, 2011. [consulté le 31 Décembre 2010]. Disponible sur : http://www.religionfacts.com/homosexuality/index.htm .

Adherents.com. The Glenmary Research Center, 2011. [consulté le 2 Janvier 2011]. Disponible sur :http://www.adherents.com/rel_USA.html .

Free Methodist Church. Free Methodist Church. . [consulté le 2 Janvier 2011]. Disponible sur : http://www.freemethodistchurch.org/Sections/About%20Us/Beliefs/Christian%20Life/Christian%20Conduct/Christian%20Conduct%203.htm#Homosexual.

Leadership U. Leadership U, 2011. [consulté le 7 Janvier 2011]. Disponible sur : http://www.leaderu.com/theology/biblehomosex_overview.html.

The Sunday Times. Times Newspapers 2010. [consulté le 13 Janvier 2011]. Disponible sur :http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/faith/article4893735.ece .

Vidéos:

Vidéo bande annonce Française de Harvey Milk. Première.fr, 2011. [consulté le 26 Janvier 2011]. Disponible sur :http://www.premiere.fr/Bandes-annonces/Video/Harvey-Milk-VF .

Vidéo bande annonce version originale (Anglais) de Harvey Milk. Première.fr, 2011. [consulté le 26 Janvier 2011]. Disponible sur : http://www.premiere.fr/Bandes-annonces/Video/Harvey-Milk-VOST.

Vidéo bande annonce Française de I love you Phillip Morris. Youtube.com. Europacorp 2011. [consulté le 26 Janvier 2011]. Disponible sur : http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fSTX6ApX_1k .

Vidéo bande annonce version originale (Anglais) de I love you Phillip Morris. Dailymotion.com, Europacorp 2011. [consulté le 26 Janvier 2011]. disponible sur:http://www.dailymotion.com/video/xbf7rf_i-love-you-phillip-morris-trailer-h_shortfilms.

Vidéo bande annonce version originale (Anglais) de The secret of Brokeback Moutain. Cinemovies.fr, 2011. [consulté le 26 Janvier 2011]. disponible sur:http://www.cinemovies.fr/bande-annonce-hd-3297-32026.html

Vidéo bande annonce version Française de The secret of Brokeback Moutain. Cinemovies.fr, 2011. [consulté le 26 Janvier 2011]. disponible sur: http://www.cinemovies.fr/fiche_multimedia.php?IDfilm=3297 .

3. Conclusion

26/01/2011 21:59 par tpe-1l-gay-in-america

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  3. Conclusion

  26/01/2011 21:59 par tpe-1l-gay-in-america

image : http://stkarnick.com/culture/2010/08/21/the-kgb-and-the-lgbts/

The homosexual movement has gained a lot of power during the last century. When a few decades ago just being

 homosexual was dangerous, in many states of the United States of America gay and lesbian people can be

themselves openly.

The attitudes towards homosexuals vary a lot, however. In some states, the gay and lesbian couples have a

freedom to marry (e. g. Massachusetts, Connecticut, Iowa, Vermont...), but in some states the attitudes are still

very conservative. The United States of America is a very large area, which consists of many different attitudes,

issues and lifestyles.

Even though the homosexual movement has existed very short time, is has achieved a lot. Considering that the

homosexual movement has really started in the 1960's, especially the attitudes towards homosexuals have

changed a lot. It was just about 40 years ago, when homosexuality was regarded as an illness!

The growing equality between different sexual orientations is a very important issue, but it also apports its

difficulties. The right to marry is a contemporary issue as is also the repeal of the ”Don't Ask, Don't Tell” policy.

 Especially the right to marry divides the opinions, because traditionally the marriage is only for the unions

between a man and a woman.

The homosexual movement has made the United States of America a very heterogenic area, and this only seems

 to be the beginning. For example, the ending of the ”Don't Ask, Don't Tell” is a major improvement, which

wasn't always considered possible.

2.4 Homosexuals in Media (part two)

26/01/2011 21:30 par tpe-1l-gay-in-america

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  2.4 Homosexuals in Media (part two)

  26/01/2011 21:30 par tpe-1l-gay-in-america

 

In movies:

Lots of movies speak abouts the homosexuals,

In the most famous there are:

• Harvey Milk (by Gus Van Sant, 2008, USA)

• I love you Phillip Morris (by Glenn Ficarra and John Requ, 2009, USA)

• Brokeback Mountain (by Ang Lee, 2005, USA)

Harvey Milk, the movie (http://www.premiere.fr/Bandes-annonces/Video/Harvey-Milk-VF) , (http://www.premiere.fr/Bandes-annonces/Video/Harvey-Milk-VOST) speaks about the first homosexual who was elected at an important place in politics.

I love you Phillip Morris, the movie (http://www.dailymotion.com/video/xbf7rf_i-love-you-phillip-morris-trailer-h_shortfilms), (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fSTX6ApX_1k).

Brokenack Moutain , the movie (http://www.cinemovies.fr/fiche_multimedia.php?IDfilm=3297) , (http://www.cinemovies.fr/bande-annonce-hd-3297-32026.html)

2.4 Homosexuals in Media

26/01/2011 20:14 par tpe-1l-gay-in-america

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  2.4 Homosexuals in Media

  26/01/2011 20:14 par tpe-1l-gay-in-america

image :  Harvey Milk, a gay rights activist (http://latinolikeme.wordpress.com/2008/11/, retrieved 12.1.2011)

 

Analysts said that even if the representation of gays has made considerable progress on television and film, the

lives of gays and lesbians is still systematically obscured or distorted in the mledia.

In the press:

In 1998, Lisa Bennett published the results of a study that lists 50 years of coverage of issues relating to

homosexuality in The Times and Newsweek. The results concluded that in the news media reinforce prejudice

and discrimination against gays and lesbians and often combine them without evidence of criminal or deviant

behavior. The media also often repeated offensive or homophobic comments. She said also that in general, the

media strengthened the idea that gays and lesbians were, by definition, inferior.

 

Before the beginning of the homosexuals protest movements in the 1970s, they appeared  rarely in the headlines

of the news. In the 1980s, when the emergence of AIDS had become a public health issue, the coverage had

become more important and more negative: gay men were often presented as serious dangers to society.

Today: An article published in July 2001 in “A rayons ouverts” (the newspaper of the National

 Library of Canada) reveals that there still is a great improvement in the coverage of the gay theme.

 Today, the media publishes annually more than 400 articles dealing with issues and themes related

to gays, then we published in a fortnight a year, all newspapers combined, in the eighties.

Moreover, the tone of these articles has greatly changed over the years, becoming more objective

 or friendly.

2.3 Homosexuals and Religion

26/01/2011 20:06 par tpe-1l-gay-in-america

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  2.3 Homosexuals and Religion

  26/01/2011 20:06 par tpe-1l-gay-in-america

image :  There's a lot of cartoons which make fun of the religious attitudes (www.cartoonstock.com/newscartoons/cartoonists/gri/lowres/grin5710.jpg, retrieved 12.1.2011).

The issue of homosexuality is the most divisive subject in religious world today. Especially in Christianity, which

is the main religion in the United States of America.

Homosexuality was not uncommon in ancient cultures, though the forms and views of homosexual behavior were

very different. In most of Africa, Asia, and Latin America, both the subject and the behaviour were considered

taboo. The ancient Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans were generally accepting of homosexual behavior within

certain contexts. Hinduism and Buddhism tended to view homosexuality primarily from the standpoint of its

karmic effects, with varying conclusions.

Jewish, Christian, Sikh and Muslim cultures have generally considered homosexual behaviour sinful. Many Jewish

 and Christian leaders, however, have gone to great lengths to make clear that it is only the homosexual acts that

is condemned, not the homosexual people. Some liberal strands of both mainstream Protestant Christianity and

Reform Judaism even advocate the full acceptance of homosexuals and their relationships.

The largest religion in the United States of America is Christianity (in 2002 82% of habitants). What is considered

 right and wrong depends on the differend points of view. The Christian point of view is based on the Bible.

 For the Christian, the Bible is the final authority for both belief and behaviour. In the USA and UK, there are

even ”boot camps” where homosexual people can ”overcome their gayness”. (The Times 8^th Oct. 2008)

The Christian religion in general regards homosexual behaviour as sinful. For example, the Free Methodist Church

 does not support of homosexual behavior because the Bible says it's sinful. There are two particularly important

extrait. Firsts are prohibitons in Leviticus 18:22 and 20:13, which declare that for a man to ”lie with a male as

though lying with a woman” is ”an abdomination” and ”detestable act”. The second set is the Apostole Paul's

references to same-sex intercourse. He regards the homosexual behavious ”gross and deliberate human sin”.

http://www.religionfacts.com/homosexuality/index.htm (retrieved December 31^th 2010)

http://www.adherents.com/rel_USA.html (retrieved January 2^nd 2011)

http://www.freemethodistchurch.org/Sections/About%20Us/Beliefs/Christian%20Life/Christian%20Conduct/Christian%20Conduct%203.htm#Homosexual (retrieved January 2^nd 2011)

http://www.leaderu.com/theology/biblehomosex_overview.html (retrieved January 7^th 2011)

http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/faith/article4893735.ece (retrieved January 13^th 2011)

2.2.2. Ending the ”Don't Ask, Don't Tell” law in 2010

26/01/2011 19:43 par tpe-1l-gay-in-america

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  2.2.2. Ending the ”Don't Ask, Don't Tell” law in 2010

  26/01/2011 19:43 par tpe-1l-gay-in-america

 image : Lots of cartoons have been made about the repeal of the law. (http://www.cagle.com/news/DADT10/main.asp, retrieved 21.1.2011)

 

 One of the president Barack Obama's campaing pledges was to end the ”Don't Ask, Don't Tell” policy, though

 he offered no timetable nor specifics for acting on that promise. Obama has said that we shouldn't punish the

patriotic Americans, who are willing to serve their country, though he also admitted that the progress could take

 longer than one would like (The Huffington, Post Jan. 10^th 2009).

 

The major issue on the debates has been that ending the ”Don't Ask, Don't Tell” wont affect the military readiness

 and morale. The Senate Armed Services Committee held two days of hearings, which conclusion was that a

repeal of the ban ”would present a low risk to the military's effectiveness even during a time of war” said Sen.

 

Carl Devin, who chaired the panel.

The Don't Ask Don't Tell policy was finally ended on 22^th December 2010, when president Barack Obama

signed the repeal. ”I say to all Americans, gay or straight, who want nothing more than to defend this

country in uniform, your country needs you, your country wants you, and we will be honored to welcome

 you into the ranks of the finest military the world has ever known,” Obama said (The Washington Post,

Dec. 22^th 2010).

 

http://psychology.ucdavis.edu/rainbow/html/military_history.html (retrieved December 30^th 2010)

http://www.soulforce.org/article/808 (retrieved December 30^th 2010)

http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2010/12/18/ST2010121803394.html?sid=ST2010121803394 (retrieved December 31^th 2010)

http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/special/politics/dont-ask-dont-tell-timeline/ (retrieved December 31^th 2010)

http://www.cmrlink.org/HMilitary.asp?docID=336 (retrieved December 31^th 2010)

http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/10/10/obama-says-he-will-end-do_n_316524.html (retrieved January 14^th 2011)

http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Military/2010/1218/In-historic-vote-Senate-moves-to-end-don-t-ask-don-t-tell (retrieved January 14^th 2011)

2.2.1 The History of ”Don't Ask, Don't Tell”

26/01/2011 19:34 par tpe-1l-gay-in-america

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  2.2.1 The History of ”Don't Ask, Don't Tell”

  26/01/2011 19:34 par tpe-1l-gay-in-america

image: http://www.worldcorrespondents.com/dont-ask-dont-tell-policy-vote-repealed-in-senate-2/8811552

The military’s current policy can be better understood in historical context. Since the birth of the Republic,

government decisions have been made about who have been permitted or required to serve in the U.S. military,

 and under what conditions. These decisions have frequently reflected society’s attitudes toward its minorities.

Historically, the military did not officially ban homosexuals from its ranks, although sodomy (usually defined as

anal and sometimes oral sex between men) was considered a criminal offense as early as Revolutionary War

times.

As the United States prepared for World War II, psychiatric screening became a part of the induction process

 and psychiatry's view of homosexuality as an indicator of psychopathology was brought into the military.

Instead of keeping its previous focus on homosexual behavior, which was classified as a criminal offense, the

military shifted to eliminating homosexual persons, based on a medical point of view. In 1942, revised army

mobilization regulations included for the first time a paragraph defining both the homosexual and ”normal” person

 and clarifying procedures for rejecting gay draftees.

In the 1970s, a new movement emerged in the United States that pressed for civil rights for  gay men and

lesbians. The military policy was one target of this movement. Similar challenges continued throughout the 1970s.

 By the end of the 1980s, reversing the military's policy was emerging as a priority for advocates of gay and

lesbian civil rights. Several lesbian and gay male members of the armed services came out publicly and challenged

 their discharges through the legal system. In 1992, legislation to lift the ban was introduced in the U.S Congress.

 By the beginning of 1993, it appeared that the military's ban on gay personnel would soon be lifted. Shortly after

his inauguration, President Clinton asked the Secretary of Defense to prepare a draft policy to end discrimination

 on the basis of sexual orientation, and he proposed to resolve ”the real, practical problems that would be

involved” in introducing a new policy. Clinton's proposal, however, was greeted with intense opposition.

After a lengthy public debate, a compromise was reached which was labeled ”Don't Ask, Don't Tell, Don't

Pursue”. Under its terms, military personnel would not be asked about their sexual orientation and would not be

 discharged simply for being gay. Engaging in sexual act with a member of the same sex, however, would still

constitute grounds for discharge. In the fall of 1993, the congress voted to codify most aspects of the ban.

 

The policy has remained in effect since 1993, although the Servicememners Legal Defense Network and other

 organizations monitoring its implementation have repeatedly pointed out its failures. Discharges have actually

increased under the policy, and harassment of gay and lesbian personnel appears to have intensified in many

locales.

 

The failure of the policy was dramatized in 1999 by the murder of Pfc. Barry Winchell at the hands of Pvt.

Calvin Glover, a member of his unit. Glover beat Winchell to death with a baseball bat while he slept.

Prosecutors argued that Glover murdered Winchell because he was a homosexual. Glover was sentenced to life

in prison. In the wake of the Winchell murder, Hilary Rodham Clinton, then Vice-President Al Gore, and even

President Clinton labeled the Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell policy a failure. Campaigning for the Democratic Party’s

2000 presidential nomination, candidates Gore and Bill Bradley each promised to work to reverse the policy if he

 were elected.

 Meanwhile, candidates for the Republican nomination reaffirmed their support for the current policy (McCain,

Bush) or declared that they would seek to completely prohibit military service by homosexuals (Bauer, Keyes,

Forbes).

2.2 Homosexuals in the Army

26/01/2011 19:25 par tpe-1l-gay-in-america

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  2.2 Homosexuals in the Army

  26/01/2011 19:25 par tpe-1l-gay-in-america

 

image: The US Army's official comic book ( http://www.talkingpointsmemo.com/documents/2010/07/the-us-armys-official-comic-book-on-dadt.php?page=6, retrieved 12.1.2011)

Homosexuals were not allowed to serve in the army at all until 1993, based on president Harry S. Truman's the

 Uniform Code of Military Justice, which set up discharge rules for homosexual service members.

However, in 1993 president Bill Clinton launched the ”Don't Ask, Don't Tell, Don't Pursue” policy. Don't Ask,

 Don't Tell (DADT) was a compromise that promised two things while appeasing the conservative opposition to

 openly gay service: first, that the safety of gay servicemembers would be better protected, and second, the law

gave gays a means to dodge the traditional discrimination in order to enlist. In other words, the concept suggested

 that homosexuals could serve in the military as long as they didn’t say they were homosexuals.

 

marriage (part two)

26/01/2011 19:18 par tpe-1l-gay-in-america

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  marriage (part two)

  26/01/2011 19:18 par tpe-1l-gay-in-america

 

image: where the same sex marriage is legal in the USA  (http://www.freedomtomarry.org/)

Freedom to Marry

 

Freedom to Marry is a campaign to win marriage nationwide. It is pursuing to win the freedom to marry in more

 states, growing the national majority for marriage, and ending marriage discrimination.

In five states (Massachusetts, Connecticut, Iowa, Vermont and New Hampshire) and the District of Columbia the

 gay couples have the right to marry and there are three more states (Maryland, Rhode Island and New York)

that have non-discrimination against marriages between same-sex couples from other states. Some other states

 offer other form of marriage, e. g. civil union. With these advances, about 14% of U.S. population lives in a state

 that either has the freedom to marry for gay couples or some form of civil union of gay couples. 25% lives in a

state with either marriage or a broad legal status such as civil union or partnership. 37% of the US population

(over 100 million Americans) lives in a state which provides some form of protections for gay couples

.

However, whilst there in general there shouldn't be discrimination, some forms of it can be objectively justified.

 Marriage is historically seen as the means to create an appropriate environment in which children can be brought

 up. As gay couples are unlikely to have children, it can be said that there is no real necessity for the right to

marry. Many of the fiscal benefits enjoyed by married couples (for example child support payments) are not for

 encouraging marriages in itself, but to help the existence of the conventional, old-fashioned family.

 

http://www.freedomtomarry.org/states/ (retrieved December 7^th 2010)

http://www.freedomtomarry.org/pages/why-marriage-matters (retrieved December 7^th 2010)

http://freemarry.3cdn.net/e6df5165c2fd7943d3_yvm6idfqd.pdf (retrieved December 7^th 2010)

http://www.christiananswers.net/q-aig/aig-c040.html (retrieved January 4^th 2011)

http://www.idebate.org/debatabase/topic_details.php?topicID=63 (retrieved January 13^th 2011

http://www.freedomtomarry.org/page/-/images/usa-marriage-map-2010-04-16.png (retrieved December 7^th 2010)

http://newsweek.washingtonpost.com/onfaith/panelists/pamela_k_taylor/2009/07/marriage_both_civil_and_religious.html (retrieves January 14^th 2011)